Unit 12 D1 - 1273 Words

My review and judgement for Toyshops online marketing. Top shop online retail website allows their customer to purchase their products online. Top shop is generally regarded as the high street fashion centre for all women and men under 30, reasonably priced clothes suitable for all occasions. Top shop is one of the better laid out online shops the site uses an attractive black colour scheme and the clothes are divided into categories, viewers can choose to browse by New In items, Special Offers, Sale, Kate Moss range, Dresses, etc. Topshop is a high street fashion retailer that has been up and running since 1964 and is has successfully open 300 store across the UK, do shipments to more than 100 countries and has their eclectic British†¦show more content†¦Images, videos, pictures, drop down menus, gifs and search bar play a big impact on how customers view the business webpage, it make it easier for the customers to locate stuff on the business webpage, because these online features are visual. Topshop online website is effective because it help to attraction new customers to the business. The internet is a main asset to many people because they use this on a regular basis whether it is to communication, gather information or locate new places. Topshop use many marketing techniques to promote their online business, these are; promotional adverts online, email promotion, hyperlinks, on website such as twitter and Facebook and so on YouTube. Topshop also have an app for all smartphone, where customers can use to also purchase item, gather information and so on, this is very effective for their customers because this give their customers the advantage to shop from anywhere, during business hours. Topshop internet marketing states for Facebook and Twitter. Topshop continues to grow its following on social media sites, due to lots of features, in-store promotions and relatively high levels of engagement with fans and followers. Stats from E-Digital Research look at the number of followers for the top 20 retailers on Facebook and Twitter and, for the first time, Google+. 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Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci [pic] Who (is he): He was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. He was born on April 15, 1452(1452-04-15) as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence. He died on May 2, 1519 at an age of 67. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now What (are his contributions): He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. His journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. When (his professional life begin ): 1476 Why (did Leonardo start doing all this things): Helen Gardner says â€Å"The scope and depth of his interests were without precedent†¦ His mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote†. Leonardo was the archetype of the renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. Basically, he just did all this because of his curiousity. Where (was his starting point): In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio’s workshop was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Consequences (of his existence): Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: â€Å"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays Leonardo was a man of many different talents; among those talents were polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, engineer, writer, geologist, anatomist, cartographer, anatomist, and botanist. Leonardo was primarily known for his painting (Mona Lisa, the last supper, Vitamins Man), and his fascinating inventions (Helicopter, tank, flying Machine, Viola Organists) which I will be talking about in depth in my research paper. First study science, and then follow with practice based on science†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now . The painter who draws by practice and judgment of the eye without the use of reason is like the mirror the reproduces within itself all the objects which are set opposite to it without knowledge of the same†¦. The youth ought first to learn perspective, then the proportions of everything, then he should learn from the hand off good master. Leonardo Dad Vinci The Renaissance marked the transition point from the middle ages to the modern world. Young Leonardo Did Seer Piper Dad Vince received his education of Painter, sculptor, and engineering in Florence in the early sass. In a time when coming with a new approach toward science was considered a direct insult or challenge to the church, Leonardo managed to project his new finding of science, Mathematics formulas, and logical reasoning without creating a new reform of cultural beliefs. Among his reaction we can find what is considered to be an early predecessor of today’s helicopter. Between 1480 and 1493 Leonardo Dad Vinci designed what is known today as the â€Å"Aerial Screw’ or also known as the â€Å"Helical Air Screw’. Leonardo Helical Air Screw measure approximately fifteen feet across and the material used to build it were reed, linen, and wire. The main power proportion came from four men that were standing in the middle of the craft rotating different pedals in order to rotate the screw like shaft (See figure L-1). Leonardo was a very methodical reader and writer. He often read books that interest him with pen on hand. He was so critical of himself that he used to describe his though in writing, and draw them most of the time in order to retrace his thinking. In the old time it was common for inventors to read others innovators ideas in order to create new ones or reproduce the same invention with improvements. One of those creations was the Leonardo â€Å"Assault Vehicle†. After researching Roberto Evaluator’s â€Å"De re military’, Leonardo Dad Vinci went ahead and created the Assault Vehicle with a technology that was unheard of at the time. Due to the lack of funds and the war at the Apennines Peninsula Leonardo had o restrain his master creation to Just a blueprint. The Assault Vehicle had an upside- down cone shape with four wheels at the bottom, and a crankshaft for propulsion. Been that Leonardo was so critical of his own invention, he decided to make improvement to his own invention at a later time. One of those improvements was the vehicle self-propulsion. Leonardo achieved this improvement by creating a spring-power system (As the Motor), and an innovated differential transmission system. (L-2 Picture of Assault Vehicle) Another area in which Leonardo Dad Vinci broke new ground was painting. But to his misfortune in life by 1514 most of his paintings were not completed due to lack of commissions and Italian’s wars. One of those paintings happened to be the â€Å"Mona Lisa† or â€Å"La Cocooned† a 16th century oil painting portray of â€Å"Lisa did Antonio Maria Grenadine† which in today’s expert opinion it is one of the most impossible to comprehend painting in the history of art. Leonardo started to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503 under the commission of Francesco did Bartholomew did Zinnia del Giaconda and finished nil 519 shortly before he died. By 1511 Leonardo had to migrate under the Melee family protection to Vapor where he sided and produced magnificent creation of arts for two years in order to repay the Melee family hospitality. While at Vapor Leonardo continued to develop his new projects and improving his paintings knowing that sooner or later he will have to find a more suitable patron in order to be able to finance his work. The solution to financial impasse came in February 1 513 in the hand of Giovanni De’ Medici, the younger descendent of Lorenz IL Magnificent. With the death of Pope Julius II in Rome and Giovanni asserted to papacy under the name of Pope Leo X. Giuliani De’ Medici rather of Pope Leo X and by them commander of the papal army, invited Leonardo to Rome for his knowledge of art and military technology. The invitation to Rome by Giuliani De’ Medici was the opportunity that Leonardo Dad Vinci was waiting for. Unlimited commissions, immeasurable social status, and a very power full patron. What else? By September 1513 Leonardo relocated himself back to Rome where he was accommodated in the Vatican luxury Belvedere villas together with all his painting including some half stages such us the Lead, the Mona Lisa, and the Saint Anne. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers

Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci [pic] Who (is he): He was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. He was born on April 15, 1452(1452-04-15) as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence. He died on May 2, 1519 at an age of 67. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now What (are his contributions): He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. His journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. When (his professional life begin ): 1476 Why (did Leonardo start doing all this things): Helen Gardner says â€Å"The scope and depth of his interests were without precedent†¦ His mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote†. Leonardo was the archetype of the renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. Basically, he just did all this because of his curiousity. Where (was his starting point): In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio’s workshop was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Consequences (of his existence): Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: â€Å"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays Leonardo was a man of many different talents; among those talents were polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, engineer, writer, geologist, anatomist, cartographer, anatomist, and botanist. Leonardo was primarily known for his painting (Mona Lisa, the last supper, Vitamins Man), and his fascinating inventions (Helicopter, tank, flying Machine, Viola Organists) which I will be talking about in depth in my research paper. First study science, and then follow with practice based on science†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now . The painter who draws by practice and judgment of the eye without the use of reason is like the mirror the reproduces within itself all the objects which are set opposite to it without knowledge of the same†¦. The youth ought first to learn perspective, then the proportions of everything, then he should learn from the hand off good master. Leonardo Dad Vinci The Renaissance marked the transition point from the middle ages to the modern world. Young Leonardo Did Seer Piper Dad Vince received his education of Painter, sculptor, and engineering in Florence in the early sass. In a time when coming with a new approach toward science was considered a direct insult or challenge to the church, Leonardo managed to project his new finding of science, Mathematics formulas, and logical reasoning without creating a new reform of cultural beliefs. Among his reaction we can find what is considered to be an early predecessor of today’s helicopter. Between 1480 and 1493 Leonardo Dad Vinci designed what is known today as the â€Å"Aerial Screw’ or also known as the â€Å"Helical Air Screw’. Leonardo Helical Air Screw measure approximately fifteen feet across and the material used to build it were reed, linen, and wire. The main power proportion came from four men that were standing in the middle of the craft rotating different pedals in order to rotate the screw like shaft (See figure L-1). Leonardo was a very methodical reader and writer. He often read books that interest him with pen on hand. He was so critical of himself that he used to describe his though in writing, and draw them most of the time in order to retrace his thinking. In the old time it was common for inventors to read others innovators ideas in order to create new ones or reproduce the same invention with improvements. One of those creations was the Leonardo â€Å"Assault Vehicle†. After researching Roberto Evaluator’s â€Å"De re military’, Leonardo Dad Vinci went ahead and created the Assault Vehicle with a technology that was unheard of at the time. Due to the lack of funds and the war at the Apennines Peninsula Leonardo had o restrain his master creation to Just a blueprint. The Assault Vehicle had an upside- down cone shape with four wheels at the bottom, and a crankshaft for propulsion. Been that Leonardo was so critical of his own invention, he decided to make improvement to his own invention at a later time. One of those improvements was the vehicle self-propulsion. Leonardo achieved this improvement by creating a spring-power system (As the Motor), and an innovated differential transmission system. (L-2 Picture of Assault Vehicle) Another area in which Leonardo Dad Vinci broke new ground was painting. But to his misfortune in life by 1514 most of his paintings were not completed due to lack of commissions and Italian’s wars. One of those paintings happened to be the â€Å"Mona Lisa† or â€Å"La Cocooned† a 16th century oil painting portray of â€Å"Lisa did Antonio Maria Grenadine† which in today’s expert opinion it is one of the most impossible to comprehend painting in the history of art. Leonardo started to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503 under the commission of Francesco did Bartholomew did Zinnia del Giaconda and finished nil 519 shortly before he died. By 1511 Leonardo had to migrate under the Melee family protection to Vapor where he sided and produced magnificent creation of arts for two years in order to repay the Melee family hospitality. While at Vapor Leonardo continued to develop his new projects and improving his paintings knowing that sooner or later he will have to find a more suitable patron in order to be able to finance his work. The solution to financial impasse came in February 1 513 in the hand of Giovanni De’ Medici, the younger descendent of Lorenz IL Magnificent. With the death of Pope Julius II in Rome and Giovanni asserted to papacy under the name of Pope Leo X. Giuliani De’ Medici rather of Pope Leo X and by them commander of the papal army, invited Leonardo to Rome for his knowledge of art and military technology. The invitation to Rome by Giuliani De’ Medici was the opportunity that Leonardo Dad Vinci was waiting for. Unlimited commissions, immeasurable social status, and a very power full patron. What else? By September 1513 Leonardo relocated himself back to Rome where he was accommodated in the Vatican luxury Belvedere villas together with all his painting including some half stages such us the Lead, the Mona Lisa, and the Saint Anne. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers

Cystic Fibrosis Research Paper free essay sample

Without the cystic fibrosis variation of the CFTR gene, the CFTR proteins created by the gene act as a channel protein which can be found in the membranes of cells which line the passageways of organs such as the pancreas, lungs, and intestines. The CFTR protein can be modified in numerous ways to give the host cystic fibrosis; in fact, over 1000 transformations of the CFTR gene have been recognized. One of the most common of these mutations is a deletion of a single amino acid from the long chain of 1480 in the CFTR protein. This causes a breakdown of the channel made with the missing amino acid, which means that it never transports chloride ions, like it was made to do, because it never reaches the cell membrane. This mutation is delta F508, because the deletion occurs at position 508 on the CFTR protein. These sorts of mutations work to deteriorate and destroy the efficiency of the CFTR protein by changing or replacing parts of the protein’s amino acid order. This order chooses the way that the protein is folded, and if this order is changed or altered, the way that the protein will also be modified, causing the protein to not be able to work. In this case, the protein is a protein channel inside a membrane, and if folded improperly, the molecules that would normally pass through it are not able to, which means that the structure has failed to do its task, which is the transport of chloride and sodium across epithelium (tissues). This failure is caused by the altered fold of the protein, because proteins function only when the proteins are folded perfectly. When folded improperly, the substances for which the protein was made cannot fit through the protein channel, and so cannot pass through it. The phenotype or physical appearance of anyone with the autoimmune disease cystic fibrosis varies, as there are multiple possibilities and combinations, but have many recurring traits. Some of these visible traits include Delayed growth, failure during childhood to gain weight in a â€Å"normal† manner, bursts of weight loss, copious and unnatural production of phlegm, and scarring. Most of the phenotypes of cystic fibrosis do not show is a visible manner in the very early stages of human life. However, about 20% of babies with CF will be born with meconium ileus, which is a severe intestinal obstruction. The lack of certain transport molecules also prevents nutrient absorption, which causes a huge appetite. Cystic fibrosis was discovered in the 1930s by the Bohemian pathologist Carl von Rokitansky, who made the first description of the disease as part of a report about a death of a fetus. In 1938, Dorothy Andersen M. D. wrote the first comprehensive report on cystic fibrosis and also named it, referring to the cysts in the pancreas of children and an elevated amount of fibrous tissue. In 1955 a group of parents founded the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which later became the National CF research Foundation in 1955 as well. In 1980,b The foundation created the Research Development Program, which is a network of research centers at top universities. In 1989, the single most important discovery in cystic fibrosis research was made; the discovery of the CFTR gene in the human body, which led to scientists understanding cystic fibrosis at its most basic level. With the knowledge of this gene, scientists could also, for the first time, synthesize a healthy version of the gene for research. The first gene therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis occurred in 1993, which truly started further studies in CF gene therapy. Cystic fibrosis comes with many odd symptoms which are caused by the defects in the CFTR gene’s amino acid sequence. Because cystic fibrosis helps to prevent the movement of salt and water in and out of cells, the lungs and pancreas begin to secrete thick mucus, which will eventually block passages within the body, eventually rendering the passageway useless from clogging. As an example, mucus lines the membranes of many internal organs in order to protect the organ. The protein channels placed inside the membranes allow chloride ions to pass through, and because of H20’s (water’s) polarity, the water molecules are dragged along with the ions, which also thins the mucus inside the cells. Without the movement of the chloride ions, the mater and mucus cannot move out, causing a buildup of mucus. In the pancreas, these unusable passages prevent the secretion of the necessary digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the intestine, meaning that an inability to digest any kind of food, especially fats and proteins. Another major symptom is being extremely underweight and malnourished. This is caused by the other symptom of not being able to digest foods and retain nutrients. In fact, this symptom of not being able to absorb nutrients or digest foods causes many other symptoms. Diabetes is one of them. As damage to the pancreas from unusable protein channels increases, more and more insulin-producing pancreatic cells are destroyed, causing type-1-diabetes from lack of insulin. In the lungs, the production of the thick mucus also increases the likelihood of infection, so people with cystic fibrosis are known to have lungs with copious amounts of bacteria in them. Other common symptoms include salty-tasting skin, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, coughing, increased mucus in the lungs and sinuses, recurring episodes of pneumonia, inflammation of the pancreas, and infertility for men. Because cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease, different populations are more or less likely to have this mutation in the CFTR gene. About one in every twenty-five Americans of European descent is a carrier of the gene, though possibly not infected fully with cystic fibrosis. Remember, you need to have the mutation in BOTH of your CFTR genes to have cystic fibrosis. ) One in every seventeen-thousand African Americans is a carrier of the mutated gene, and one in thirty-thousand Asian-Americans is a carrier. Overall, the Caucasian race is most susceptible to having cystic fibrosis. The various treatments for cystic fibrosis have improved astronomically since the disease was first discovered. In the year 1962, patients with cystic fibrosis had a median or ave rage life span of about ten years. Treatment has developed to the point that the average age to which cystic fibrosis patients survive has been raised to forty-one years of age. When cystic fibrosis was first discovered, there were no treatments available. In 1989, when the CFTR gene was discovered, scientists were intrigued, and in 1993, gene therapy for cystic fibrosis patients began. Since then, scientists have learned much more about how cystic fibrosis affects humans, and many different treatments have been developed to counter some of these symptoms. Simple exercise is always good for patients with cystic fibrosis, because it will help to sweat out the excess salt that cannot get out of the body because of unusable protein channels. There are antibiotics to help prevent bacterial build-up in the lungs and sinuses. Pills have also been developed to thin mucus in order to prevent the extraneous buildup of mucus in the body. To solve problems of lack of nutrition or vitamins, injections can be arranged, of the nutrients themselves, or of enzymes that the pancreas naturally makes. Currently, even through years of research and progress, there is no true cure for cystic fibrosis. However, many different medications and activities help to lower chances of harmful symptoms of cystic fibrosis and help to prevent certain fatal events from occurring. Current research is mostly held at places such as the Cystic Fibrosis Research Development Program Center, where there is research funding. Most of the hope in curing or treating cystic fibrosis has been placed on drugs and gene therapy. These drugs that are being synthesized have characteristics meant to counter the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, such as the overproduction of mucus, bacteria buildup in the lungs, and infection.

Who wants to be a millionaire Essay Example

Who wants to be a millionaire? Paper So, what can we define as quality perhaps, and is there a difference between commercial and non-commercial broadcasters through programming content? Quality can be stereotypically defined in terms of television broadcasting content as something that emits high standard programming, which can be culturally, educationally or informative in its nature. Commercial television this way has been attacked and criticised, and to a certain extent, the BBC has as well (having to adapt the contents of its programming in response to commercial television). Ian Connell who wrote an article titled Tales and the tellyland: the popular press and television in the UK, in a book by Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks called Communication and Citizenship, said Briefly stated, the concern is that in a variety of ways informative, in-depth and investigative journalism is being marginalized not just in tabloid press, but also in the broadsheets, as well as in television. In its place, there is an increasing volume of material on aspects of out lives that are thought of as largely unessential. We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By allowing the proliferation of channels, and the wider access advertisers gained over air time on television, the more programming quality is dumbed down, according to the mess society approach. BBC radio also experienced similar problems, when radio Luxembourg, a pirate radio who according to A Crisell was again eating into the BBCs audience. Play popular music off the shores of the UK, meant that they were out of UK jurisdiction law, therefore able to transmit popular tastes and popular music over the airwaves very easily. So again, Reith would have pointed by not allowing the brute force of the monopoly, that commercial broadcasting would lead to mass cheap entertainment, with poor quality programming being shown. But, there are doubts to this concern that is held over commercial broadcasting as dumbing down content. The pluralist argument, critiques the mass society and traditional view of commercial broadcasting, say primarily that the public has to make its own choice. Reith was seen as very paternalistic in his nature. He dictated content, never allowing the public to view what they want. The Pluralist argument then would seem to suggest that people do have the option of watching most, if not all types of programmes they want to watch, as choice is now available to them. The monopoly status of the BBC was may have been culturally sound, but to some extent was suffocating and restrictive over its content. Sky television and the cable networks have provided much more choice then would have previously been imagined. And with the launch of the new digital service in, more then 200 channels are now available to those that subscribe the Australian owned company. We are beginning therefore to see a digi-see culture. Although channels on sky television are primarily populist, it also caters for minorities as well as certain interests. Zee tv, caters for the UKs Asian population, and channels like the discovery channel, history channel e. t. c. all have educational value. Also, the broadcasting act of 1990, changed ITV dramatically. When the ITC took over from the IBA and cable authority as the new regulatory body, and according to K Williams The bidders had to satisfy the ITC that their programme proposals passed a quality threshold and their business projections made sense. So this further dispelled the idea that commercial television was dumb down programme content in Britain. ITV in particular is heavily regulated, so this meant that this meant that could only show a limited amount of populist programming. So, to reiterate the question Has the presence of commercially driven broadcasting in Britain necessarily led to a dumbing down of programming content, it would seem plausible to think that it doesnt. Although there is more popular entertainment on television these days, the proliferation of channels has resulted in the growth of and representation of minority groups. Many channels that sky broadcast have educational value, e. g. the discovery channel for example. And whos to say that programmes cannot be educational and entertaining at the same time. Programmes such as Who wants to be a millionaire? or Fifteen to one all provide us with general knowledge and at the same time keep us entertained. Perhaps competition in broadcasting has meant that broadcasters now supply programmes for everyone. When the BBC acted as a monopoly, it was to restrictive over its content. Domination of programmes of a certain nature, would not be able to diversify and appeal to the mass crowds. Multiculturalism would not have been promoted through TV, if the BBC, had remained a monopoly. Also, it has transcended national boundaries, making programming more international, and the concept of the global village becoming more of reality as we move into this new era of globalisation. Programming content is now much more diverse then it has ever been catering to many people needs and wants. The audience is more active then passive as one may have been. So, to sum up then, commercially driven broadcasting has not necessarily led to a dumbing down of programming content, rather diversified it appealing to more minorities and groups of people, specifying and segregating the audience, as to cater for all needs that public wants fulfilling. Bibliography: Cardiff D, Scannell P (1987) Broadcasting and national unity-in; Curran J et al, Impacts and Influences, Essays on media power in the twentieth century, ch7, pg157-159 Williams, K (1998) Get me a murder a day: A history of mass communication in Britain, ch9, pg 182, ch11 pg 248 Connell, I (1997) Tales of tellland: the popular press and television in the UK-in; Dahlgren P, Sparks, C, Communication and Citizenship pg236 Crisell, A (1997) An introductory history of British broadcasting ch3, ch7 pg138, ch10 and 11.

Virginias Role in the American Revolution essays

Virginias Role in the American Revolution essays For the next half-century these products of the golden age served as leaders successively in the War of Independence, in the formation of a new nation based on the new principles of the inalienable rights of man, and in governing the republic during its formative years (Dowdey, 337). The American Revolution spanned about 20 years. During these 20 years the colonists of America worked for independence from their mother country, Great Britain. Virginia contributed leaders, politicians, military commanders, congresses, and held battles on their soil. Virginia gave the most important contribution during the American Revolution. Virginian politicians and leaders proved vital to the American Revolution; leaders such as, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Richard Henry Lee. In March 1775, Patrick Henry gave his renowned Give me liberty, or give me death! speech (Stokesbury, 57). This speech helped spark revolution fever among the colonists. Henry attended the Virginia House of Burgess. He was also known for his exhilarating and rousing speeches, which sparked the Southern Colonies. Henry preached anti-British rule slogans, during and prior to the Stamp Act and Townsend Acts, Whether of not Patrick Henry was a demagogue . . . he exerted a new kind of popular appeal, and he had used this appeal to advance himself to a position of military power. . . (Dowdey, 345). Patrick Henry served a key position in the independence of America. Thomas Jefferson was given the duty of writing the Declaration of Independence. He wrote it in two days and had it reviewed and proofread by Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. Jefferson borrowed many ideas from John Locke, a famous English philosopher. In the first sentence of the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence it states: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their crea...

Creating Behavior Goals for Early Intervention Programs

Creating Behavior Goals for Early Intervention Programs Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention Once young children are identified as needing special education services, it is important to begin to work on those learning to learn skills, which importantly, include self regulation. When a child begins an early intervention program, it is not uncommon to find that parents have worked harder to placate their child than to teach them the desired behavior.   At the same time, those children have learned how to manipulate their parents to avoid those things they dont like, or to get the things they do want.    If a child’s behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) by law (IDEA of 2004.) It is wise to attempt to identify and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then it’s time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write you goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing â€Å"Zachary will not hit his neighbors† write â€Å"Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.† Measure it through interval observation, noting the percentage of 15 or 30 minutes with hands and feet free behavior.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially â€Å"responsible† and â€Å"accountable.† When discussing with the student â€Å"why† feel free to use these words, such as â€Å"Lucy, I’m so happy you’re being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!!† Or, â€Å"James, you’re 10 now, and I think you’re old enough to be accountable for your own homework.† But goals should read: â€Å"Lucy will tell a teacher or peer when she is angry and count to 10, 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) â€Å" â€Å"James will return completed homework 80% of days, or 4 out of 5 days.à ¢â‚¬ (frequency objective.)There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and imply an increase of replacement behavior. Frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period. The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it and inadvertently make it stronger and more difficult to eliminate.   Focusing on the replacement behavior should help extinguishing the behavior. Anticipate an extinction burst before behavior improves.Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and learned- because it has helped the child get what he or she wanted. That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesn’t belong in an  IEP. Examples of Behavior Goals When prompted by the teacher or teaching staff, John will line up, keeping hands and feet to himself in 8 of ten opportunities as documented by teacher and staff in three of four consecutive days.  In an instructional setting (when instruction is presented by the teacher) Ronnie will remain in his seat for 80% of one minute intervals over 30 minutes as observed by teacher or teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.  In small group activities and instructional groups Belinda will ask staff and peers for access to supplies (pencils, erasers, crayons) in 4 out of 5 opportunities as observed by teacher and teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.